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For sources such as websites and e-books that have no page numbers, use a paragraph number. The College of William and Mary.

Also do not italicize the titles of software, instruments, and apparatus see §7. Combine no date and no title. Since your citation will come at the end of your sentence, make sure to end with a period outside the parentheses. Leave a comment below.

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Sometimes, however, one or more of those pieces is missing, and writing the reference can get more difficult. This post will help you adapt the classic APA Style reference template to fit any situation where information might be missing, as well as show you how to create the corresponding for those references. The table below shows how to write an APA Style reference when information is missing. Solution Reference template Position A Position B Position C Position D Nothing—all pieces are present List information in the order of author, date, title with description in square brackets if necessary for explanation of nonroutine information , and source Author, A. Title is missing Provide author and date, describe document inside square brackets, and then give source Author, A. Author and date are both missing Substitute title for author and n. Author, date, and title are all missing Substitute description of document inside square brackets for author, substitute n. That is, do italicize the title of a document that stands alone books, reports, etc. Also do not italicize the titles of software, instruments, and apparatus see §7. If you have trouble determining whether something stands alone such as for a document on a , choose not to italicize. For examples and more explanation, see the blog post on. Source Variations As shown in the Position D column of the table, the source part of a reference list entry can vary as well. It should reflect either a retrieval URL for online documents without DOIs , a publisher location and name for print sources , or a for any document that has one, whether print or online. It is not usually necessary to include a retrieval date for online sources; one should be provided only if the source is likely to change over time, such as with an unarchived wiki page. Sometimes source information is incomplete but with a little detective work you can find what you need; for example, if you know a publisher name but not its location, you can research the publisher to find the location. Even sources of limited availability can be cited in APA Style, including unpublished and informally published works see §7. Note, however, that it is not possible to write a traditional APA Style reference if source information is truly missing. The purpose of an APA Style reference is to provide readers with information on how to locate the source that you used, and if you cannot tell them how to do so, you either have to find a substitute or cite the source as personal communication see §6. Creating In-Text Citations Create an for any reference by using the pieces from Positions A and B in the table above. For most references, this will be the author and date Author, date. For examples and more explanation, see our post on. We hope this guide to missing pieces will help you as you create your APA Style references. Sometimes, however, one or more of those pieces is missing, and writing the reference can get more difficult. This post will help you adapt the classic APA Style reference template to fit any situation where information might be missing, as well as show you how to create the corresponding for those references. The table below shows how to write an APA Style reference when information is missing. Solution Reference template Position A Position B Position C Position D Nothing—all pieces are present List information in the order of author, date, title with description in square brackets if necessary for explanation of nonroutine information , and source Author, A. Title is missing Provide author and date, describe document inside square brackets, and then give source Author, A. Author and date are both missing Substitute title for author and n. Author, date, and title are all missing Substitute description of document inside square brackets for author, substitute n. That is, do italicize the title of a document that stands alone books, reports, etc. Also do not italicize the titles of software, instruments, and apparatus see §7. If you have trouble determining whether something stands alone such as for a document on a , choose not to italicize. For examples and more explanation, see the blog post on. Source Variations As shown in the Position D column of the table, the source part of a reference list entry can vary as well. It should reflect either a retrieval URL for online documents without DOIs , a publisher location and name for print sources , or a for any document that has one, whether print or online. It is not usually necessary to include a retrieval date for online sources; one should be provided only if the source is likely to change over time, such as with an unarchived wiki page. Sometimes source information is incomplete but with a little detective work you can find what you need; for example, if you know a publisher name but not its location, you can research the publisher to find the location. Even sources of limited availability can be cited in APA Style, including unpublished and informally published works see §7. Note, however, that it is not possible to write a traditional APA Style reference if source information is truly missing. The purpose of an APA Style reference is to provide readers with information on how to locate the source that you used, and if you cannot tell them how to do so, you either have to find a substitute or cite the source as personal communication see §6. Creating In-Text Citations Create an for any reference by using the pieces from Positions A and B in the table above. For most references, this will be the author and date Author, date. For examples and more explanation, see our post on. We hope this guide to missing pieces will help you as you create your APA Style references.

Cite the full name of the group or organization. In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author. The general rule for citing Web pages in APA format is to include as much information as possible. Do not use n. In the Elements list at the end of your assignment, only cite the source by Holden et al. A True and Sincere Declaration of the Purpose and Ends of the Plantation Begun in Virginia, of the Degrees Which It Hath Received, and Means by Which It Hath Been Advanced. In responsible how to categorize material on a website for a reference, it may be helpful to consider whether what is on the website is similar to an —for example, this reference is a position statement, which is similar to a press release, white paper, or report; hence the responsible title. APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for example: Field, 2005. Moreover, the CMA warned that such assumptions may lead to the return of childhood illnesses like the measles 2010, pp. It should reflect either a retrieval URL for online jesus without DOIsa publisher location and name for print sourcesor a for any document that has one, whether print or online.